Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, with type II diabetes mellitus being the most prevalent form, primarily resulting from insulin resistance and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Mucoadhesive buccal patches, which are designed to adhere to the buccal mucosa for systemic effectiveness, offer a more effective option for oral administration because they bypass the first pass metabolism. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor, is commonly used for the management of type II diabetes but suffers from limitations related to oral bioavailability and patient adherence. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a Mucoadhesive buccal patch of linagliptin to provide sustained drug release and improve therapeutic effects. The primary objective Includes assessing the Mucoadhesive strength to ensure prolonged adhesion to the buccal mucosa, evaluating the formulation for pharmaceutical Suitability, and creating an ideal patch with desired physicochemical properties. The buccal patches were successfully developed with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as polymers using the solvent casting method, and the selected polymers...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
Green tea, one of the most popular beverages in India and around the world, is made from dried leaves of the Camellia sinensis L. tea plant. The same flavour, such as lemon and honey from each brand, has been employed to prevent errors in chemical composition caused by variations in available flavours. Samples were prepared for infusion by heating distilled water to 100℃ for ten minutes. The amount of tannin, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds in total antioxidants was calculated. Tanza (TZ) had the highest concentrations of flavonoids and phenolics, measuring at 8.560667±0.093383 RE/ml and 45.4233±0.274 GAE/ml of sample, respectively. Tetley (TL) had the highest tannin content, 39.194 ± 0.178037 TAE/ml of sample. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay was used to measure the free radical scavenging activity of the samples. Vahdam green tea showed the highest activity, with 80.74333 ± 0.298124%; this may be because to its organic cultivation. Green tea can be consumed as a supplement to enhance general health as it is a great source of free...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
The growing demand for natural excipients has catalysed a shift from synthetic sources toward botanical antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. This study evaluates the antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness of aqueous extracts from Annona squamosa Linn. leaves typically considered agro-waste. The aqueous foliar extract underwent comprehensive phytochemical screening, quantification of total phenolic and alkaloid content, and in-vitro antibacterial assessment using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phenols, correlating with notable antioxidant activity. Quantitative assays demonstrated substantial phenolic and alkaloid concentrations, reinforcing the extract’s bioactive potential. Antimicrobial testing against key bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus highlighted pronounced inhibitory effects, confirming its broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy. Building on these findings, an herbal lotion was formulated incorporating the extract alongside carefully selected excipients to enhance dermal delivery and stability. The formulation was subjected to rigorous physicochemical evaluation: pH, viscosity, and spread ability measurements confirmed its compatibility with skin application. Further stability studies under varied environmental conditions demonstrated the lotion’s...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with therapeutic efficacy often attributed to optimal systemic exposure. However, interindividual variability in MTX plasma concentration can influence treatment response. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between plasma MTX concentrations and clinical efficacy over a 6-month period in patients with RA, using ESR, CRP, and pain scores as markers of therapeutic response. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 72 newly diagnosed RA patients receiving oral MTX (15 mg/week). Plasma samples were collected at 2 hours post-dose to estimate MTX concentration using validated HPLC. Disease activity was assessed at baseline and after 6 months using ESR, CRP, and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess associations between MTX levels and clinical parameters. Results: The mean MTX plasma concentration at 6 months was 1.29 ± 0.39 µmol/L. Reductions in mean ESR (from 34.4 to 19.9 mm/hr), CRP (from 13.2 to 6.0 mg/L), and pain score (from 6.53 to 1.98) were noted....
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
Background: Anal fissure is a common anorectal disorder characterised by severe pain during defaecation, bleeding, and internal anal sphincter spasm. Conservative treatment using topical calcium channel blockers offers an effective, non-invasive alternative to surgery. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of 0.3% nifedipine versus 2% diltiazem gel in the non-surgical management of fissure-in-ano. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months at a tertiary care centre. A total of 100 adult patients with primary anal fissure were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups via the SNOSE method. Group A received topical 0.3% nifedipine; Group B received 2% diltiazem gel. Pain severity (VAS), healing response, adverse effects, and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) were assessed at 1 and 4 weeks. Data were analysed using SPSS v26, with p< 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Both treatment groups showed statistically significant improvement in pain scores and bleeding (p = 0.000). Nifedipine demonstrated faster symptom relief, while diltiazem showed better tolerability. Minor adverse events included headache (3%) in the nifedipine...
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