Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
This study focuses on the formulation, characterization, and evaluation of Ketorolac Tromethamine-loaded niosomal gels intended for topical drug delivery. Niosomes were prepared using span 60 and cholesterol in varying ratios by thin-film hydration method, and the optimized niosomal dispersion was incorporated into different hydrogel bases including Carbopol 971P, Xanthan gum, HPMC, and Eudragit S100. The prepared gels were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. Vesicle sizes ranged from 226.4 nm to 694.8 nm with PDI values indicating uniform distribution, while zeta potentials confirmed good stability. Drug content across formulations ranged between 93.5% and 98.4%. The calibration curve of Ketorolac Tromethamine showed a λmax at 323 nm with excellent linearity (R² = 0.998). In-vitro release studies demonstrated significantly higher drug release from niosomal gels compared to plain gels, indicating enhanced permeation and controlled release behavior. Among all formulations, the hydrogel H4 containing a combination of Carbopol and Xanthan gum at 1:2% showed superior physicochemical properties, sustained drug release over 12 hours, and optimal...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteoporosis and increase risk of fracture. We tried to determine prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in elderly population of Northeast India presenting with fracture and formulate some preventive measures especially in elderly patients. Elderly patients, more than 60 yrs of age, presenting with some sort of fractures, were subjected to predetermined Questionnaire and response was noted. Estimation of serum Vitamin D3 levels and serum calcium were done. A total of 60 patients were evaluated, 36 females and 24 males. In the present study 51.66% patients had Vitamin D deficiency, and 30% patients had Vitamin D insufficiency. A total of 81.66% patients (49) had deficient or insufficient Vitamin D levels in their blood and the result was significant. Most patients had fracture distal end radius, followed by vertebral fractures, fracture neck femur and inter trochanteric fractures. From this study, it can be concluded that Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in elderly patients with fracture in our region. Timely diagnosis and supplementation of Vitamin...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Background: Drug–drug interactions (DDI’s) are a common yet often preventable cause of adverse drug events, particularly in settings involving polypharmacy. Awareness and vigilance among prescribers are essential to minimize therapeutic failures and patient harm. Despite their clinical significance, knowledge and practices surrounding DDIs remain suboptimal in many healthcare environments. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of modern medical practitioners in a tertiary care center in Kerala regarding DDI’s, and to identify the factors associated with their knowledge levels. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 consenting medical professionals including interns, residents, and consultants, and was selected through simple random sampling. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire assessing knowledge and attitude was administered to collect the responses and scoring systems were assigned to assess these parameters regarding drug-drug interactions. Results: Among respondents, even though 84% were aware of DDI’s, only 6% demonstrated good knowledge. 50% and 44% had average and poor knowledge respectively. Good knowledge was significantly associated with higher qualifications, practice duration, government college background, CME...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Introduction: As compared to healthy weight subjects, obese individuals are more susceptible to respiratory infections and obese patients with respiratory disease have higher hospitalization rates. This cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the effect of obesity on pulmonary function tests in otherwise healthy adults. Materials and Methods: Study comprised of 180 subjects in the age group of 18-65 years divided into 3 groups: Group I comprising 60 normal subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-24.9 Kg/m2, Group II comprising 60 overweight subjects with BMI between 25-29.9 Kg/m2, and, Group III comprising 60 obese subjects with BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m2. It was carried out in Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Patiala from December 2020 to November 2022. The pulmonary function tests were recorded by spirometry using body box plethysmograph. Results: All respiratory parameters exhibited statistically significant decrease in obese groups as compared to normal and overweight groups. Lung volumes showed significant differences in relation to BMI. FVC, FEV1 and FEV3 showed significant decrease in relation to BMI with...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Introduction: Demographic trends have shown an increase in geriatric population. On growing older, they will become dependent on family or informal caregivers. Caregiver stress is experienced when chronic life strains and coping mechanisms challenge the capacity of an informal caregiver. Objective: The study is aimed to assess the caregiver stress and associated factors among informal caregivers. Methodology: The study was conducted among 180 subjects in Padianallur area. Multistage sampling method was done. Study tool comprised of questionnaire on Sociodemographic details, co-morbid conditions, Barthel index and caregiver stress scale. Statistics: Data were exported to SPSS version 16 and analysed. Results: Female Caregivers accompanying the elderly patients were highly stressed than males (48%, 29%, p=0.037). Caregivers in the age group of 60 years and above were experiencing high level of stress (61.1%, p=0.001). Caregivers of care recipients aged 70 years and above were highly stressed (62%, p=0.002). Care providers with co – morbid conditions were suffering high level of stress (60.2%, p< 0.001). Caregivers of severely to total dependent recipients were...
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