Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a common haematological neoplasm, mainly affecting older individuals, with a higher prevalence in males. Although treatment options have improved, CLL still presents significant challenges, especially in cases that have relapsed or are not responding to therapy. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell The (CAR-T) treatment has arisen as available immunotherapy alternative for the treatment of CLL, harnessing patients T cells which have been designed for combat cancerous cells through genetically engineered receptors. CAR-T therapy, particularly targeting at cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19), has shown significant efficacy in managing CLL, achieving prolonged remission and MRD negativity in certain patients. Nevertheless, obstacles like T-cell exhaustion, cytokine storm, and neural toxicity remain. To address these limitations, new strategies, including armored CAR-T cells and dual-target CARs, are under investigation. Additionally, combination therapies, such as includes combining treatment of CAR-T cells using BTK inhibitors, offer the possibility of increased effectiveness. This investigation assesses the current developments combined with the prospective developments of CAR-T treatment in managing CLL, emphasizing its transformative potential...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, which refers to its ability to be transmitted between animals and humans. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of smallpox. However, the symptom, swollen lymph nodes, has been observed as the symptom that differentiates it from smallpox. The disease has been a cause of concern around the world due to its high rate of transmission. The most common symptoms of the disease include fever, rash, sore throat, headache, muscular aches, back discomfort, conjunctivitis, mouth sores, chills, sweating, enlarged lymph nodes, and lethargy. The current MPX outbreak has impacted countries on every continent, making it a serious global health threat. The most effective methods to prevent and cure monkeypox remain a mystery. This review outlines the epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, comorbidities, prevention, and management of monkeypox disease. It also examines the clinical therapies, immunizations, and herbal remedies used to control the infection. The condition is known to adversely affect pregnant or lactating women and immunocompromised individuals, who require additional consideration. Thus, the purpose...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint damage and systemic complications, leading to significant physical and socioeconomic impacts. Conventional treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) often fail to halt disease progression and prevent cartilage erosion. The review compares conventional therapies with emerging biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) and explores novel therapeutic targets. The advent of bDMARDs in targeting key inflammatory cytokines, such as Janus kinase (JAK), Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), have significantly improved clinical outcomes. Promising agents such as JAK inhibitors (Tofacitinib, Baricitinib), TNF-α blockers (Adalimumab, Etanercept), and BTK inhibitors are under clinical trials, highlighting the potential of targeted therapies in immune modulation. Most of the compounds possess a heterocycle, especially pyridine scaffold, emphasizing the importance of heterocycle to potentiate drug-receptor interaction. Additionally, this paper mentions the rise of innovative therapies, such as Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy, the DEN-181 immune modulation vaccine, and vagus nerve stimulation devices, which focus on tissue regeneration and novel immune...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
This study focuses on the formulation, characterization, and evaluation of Ketorolac Tromethamine-loaded niosomal gels intended for topical drug delivery. Niosomes were prepared using span 60 and cholesterol in varying ratios by thin-film hydration method, and the optimized niosomal dispersion was incorporated into different hydrogel bases including Carbopol 971P, Xanthan gum, HPMC, and Eudragit S100. The prepared gels were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. Vesicle sizes ranged from 226.4 nm to 694.8 nm with PDI values indicating uniform distribution, while zeta potentials confirmed good stability. Drug content across formulations ranged between 93.5% and 98.4%. The calibration curve of Ketorolac Tromethamine showed a λmax at 323 nm with excellent linearity (R² = 0.998). In-vitro release studies demonstrated significantly higher drug release from niosomal gels compared to plain gels, indicating enhanced permeation and controlled release behavior. Among all formulations, the hydrogel H4 containing a combination of Carbopol and Xanthan gum at 1:2% showed superior physicochemical properties, sustained drug release over 12 hours, and optimal...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteoporosis and increase risk of fracture. We tried to determine prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in elderly population of Northeast India presenting with fracture and formulate some preventive measures especially in elderly patients. Elderly patients, more than 60 yrs of age, presenting with some sort of fractures, were subjected to predetermined Questionnaire and response was noted. Estimation of serum Vitamin D3 levels and serum calcium were done. A total of 60 patients were evaluated, 36 females and 24 males. In the present study 51.66% patients had Vitamin D deficiency, and 30% patients had Vitamin D insufficiency. A total of 81.66% patients (49) had deficient or insufficient Vitamin D levels in their blood and the result was significant. Most patients had fracture distal end radius, followed by vertebral fractures, fracture neck femur and inter trochanteric fractures. From this study, it can be concluded that Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in elderly patients with fracture in our region. Timely diagnosis and supplementation of Vitamin...
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