Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Hydrogels are semi-solid, three-dimensional polymeric systems capable of holding large amounts of water, making them ideal for topical drug delivery, especially in pain management. This review explores hydrogel formulation and its application in topical pain relief. Hydrogels are classified based on origin, polymer type, cross-linking method, and responsiveness to stimuli. Their advantages include biocompatibility, ease of application, and controlled drug release. However, limitations such as low loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs and risk of microbial contamination are noted. Preparation methods such as physical, chemical, and radiation cross-linking, along with grafting polymerization, are discussed. Each method provides unique properties suited to specific applications. The formulation process is outlined with emphasis on the functional role of each component. These include active pharmaceutical ingredients (e.g., NSAIDs, anesthetics), gelling agents (e.g., Carbopol, HPMC), pH adjusters, penetration enhancers, humectants, preservatives, and solvents. Each contributes to hydrogel performance, stability, and skin compatibility. A sample formulation using diclofenac sodium illustrates how these components combine into an effective gel for localized drug delivery. In conclusion, hydrogels offer...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Adults with chronic respiratory conditions are at heightened risk for preventable lung infections, yet vaccine uptake against influenza and pneumococcal diseases remains suboptimal. This hospital-based cross-sectional study aimed to assess factors influencing vaccination coverage and identify individuals who may benefit from targeted interventions. A total of 118 adult patients attending an outpatient respiratory diseases clinic were surveyed using a self-developed questionnaire evaluating knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to vaccination. More than half of the participants recognised influenza as a risk factor for pneumonia and were aware of the corresponding vaccines. Interestingly, COVID-19 vaccination appeared to positively influence vaccine-related knowledge. Despite generally favourable attitudes, actual immunisation rates were low, revealing a gap between intention and practice. A key finding was the lack of proactive guidance from healthcare providers, which emerged as a significant barrier. Other obstacles included limited awareness and persistent safety misconceptions. While cost was not broadly perceived as a barrier, 44% expressed willingness to vaccinate only if it were offered free of charge. No significant correlation was observed...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Abstract: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior, often accompanied by delays in motor and verbal development. Its prevalence has significantly increased over recent decades. In Ayurvedic literature, the term Unmada encompasses a spectrum of psychiatric disorders and can be correlated with conditions like autism, which present with altered mental, behavioral, and social functioning. Aim and Objectives: This review aims to critically analyze the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment modalities in managing children diagnosed with autism. Materials and Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts, peer- reviewed journal articles, and data from digital databases such as PubMed and Medline were reviewed. The focus was on studies evaluating Ayurvedic formulations, procedures, and supportive therapies used in managing ASD in children. Results: A holistic Ayurvedic approach to autism includes the use of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations, therapeutic procedures such as Abhyanga (massage), Shiropichu, Shirolepa, and dietary regulation. Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurvedic psychotherapy) and lifestyle modifications are also emphasized. These therapies collectively target the psychosomatic aspects...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has severely undermined the efficacy of conventional antibiotics, necessitating the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a crucial enzyme in bacterial DNA synthesis, presents a validated target for the design of new antimicrobial therapies. In this study, a new series of pyrazolyl-pyrimidine and pyridine-based derivatives was synthesized and systematically evaluated for DHFR inhibition and antimicrobial activity. The compounds were screened against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Notably, compound 4c emerged as a lead molecule, displaying excellent antimicrobial potency with MIC values of 16 µg/mL against S. aureus and C. albicans. Additionally, it demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on DHFR (IC50 = 5.53 ± 0.26 µM) and achieved a docking score of –12.114 kcal/mol, indicating strong binding affinity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that the presence of an imino group at position 2 and a small methyl group at position 6 conferred superior binding characteristics, while bulkier substitutions diminished efficacy due...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury, infection, or tissue damage, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and functional changes. While conventional Anti-Inflammatory drugs are effective, their prolonged use can lead to adverse effects, prompting the search for safer, natural alternatives. Ayurvedic herbal decoctions like Rasna Erandadi Kwath, Sareevadi Kwatham, and Rasnadi Kwatham have demonstrated notable Anti-Inflammatory properties. These Kwaths are traditional water-based preparations made by boiling medicinal herbs to extract active phytochemicals. Rasna, Guduchi, and Devadaru are key ingredients known for their Anti-Inflammatory benefits. This study evaluates the Anti-Inflammatory potential of Rasna Erandadi Kwath at three concentrations-1:4 (Mrudu), 1:8 (Madhyam), and 1:16 (Kathin)-using In-vitro methods: BSA Protein Denaturation Assay and HRBC Membrane Stabilization Test. All three concentrations showed significant Anti-Inflammatory activity, with the 1:16 (Kathin) dilution showing the highest effect. These findings support Rasna Erandadi Kwath as a natural and holistic alternative to synthetic drugs for managing inflammation through Ayurvedic...
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