Posted by admin on Mar 31, 2026 in |
The chirality, which plays an important role in pharmaceutical chemistry, which is non-superimposable mirror image of a molecule (enantiomers). Enzymes and receptors are chiral biological systems that hence, drug enantiomers tend to have different pharmacological and toxicological characteristics. The problem of chirality in clinical significance was brought to the forefront because of the Tragedy of thalidomide which led to significant changes in drug regulations and development. Stereoselective synthesis, chiral resolution and analytical technology have facilitated the synthesis of more effective and safer, enantiomerically pure drugs. Chirality affects the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics where enantiomers can vary in terms of absorption, metabolism, receptor binding, and toxicity. The regulatory authorities (FDA and EMA) have also introduced the need to study enantiomers and with this, single enantiomer drugs (esomeprazole, levofloxacin, and levalbuterol) are emerging. Enantioselective drug discovery has also been further advanced by progress in asymmetric catalysis, biocatalysis, high-throughput screening, and computational modeling. Machine learning and artificial intelligence improve the prediction of enantiomer-target interactions, whereas the combination with the personalized medicine approach overcomes...
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Posted by admin on Mar 31, 2026 in |
Purpose: The research developed a co-processed excipient from primary excipients. The novel excipients obtained from mixture of plantain starch and tragacanth gum were added to paracetamol granulation. This was with a view to enhance production of tablet with higher mechanical integrity without compromising its disintegration in gut or aqueous medium. Method: Unripe but mature plantain fruits were peeled to extract starch, after soaking. The starch was milled, sieved, oven-dried and re-sieved. Starch powder obtained was co-processed with tragacanth gum BP by two methods: (1) Co-grinding technique was achieved by geometric mixing of the starch and the gum in ratios, 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. (2) Co-fusion was carried out by suspending tragacanth gum powder in a distilled water placed on water bath at temperature 50 °C. It was stirred until a mucilage was formed. Plantain starch was incorporated, when hot, in the above specified mixture ratios. Each co-processed excipient was weighed and added in concentrations, 3, 4 and 5% w/w, to the paracetamol granules as binders. The physical, compaction and...
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Posted by admin on Mar 31, 2026 in |
Background: Chronic hepatitis B requires effective antiviral therapy combined with hepatoprotective support to manage liver function and prevent disease progression. Bilayer tablets provide a versatile platform to deliver drugs with distinct pattern of the drug release exhibited by a single dosage form. Objective: The study aimed to develop a bilayer tablet containing an immediate-release layer of Tenofovir and a sustained-release layer of Silymarin to provide rapid antiviral action with prolonged hepatoprotective effects in a single dosage form. Methods: Bilayer tablets were developed by direct compression and optimized through eight trial batches. FTIR confirmed drug–excipient compatibility. Post-compression tests evaluated physical properties and dissolution behavior. Drug-release kinetics were analyzed using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Stability was assessed under ICH guidelines. Results: The optimized batch (F3: CCS in IR layer + HPMC K100M 10% in SR layer) demonstrated rapid Tenofovir release within 30 minutes and sustained Silymarin release over 12 hours. Kinetic modeling indicated Hixson-Crowell kinetics for Tenofovir (R² = 0.9855) and zero-order release with Super Case-II transport for Silymarin...
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Posted by admin on Mar 31, 2026 in |
Introduction: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a broad modern category referring to a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which manifest themselves in an equally wide variety of clinical symptoms. More than one million STDs are acquired every day worldwide. Objective: To evaluate the drugs prescribed to patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted disease/s using the WHO prescribing indicators. Methodology: It was a prospective observational study, carried out in OPDs of hospitals attached to BMCRI, Bengaluru. The prescription pattern of 100 outpatients diagnosed with STDs was analysed from February 2021 to August 2022 and was evaluated using the WHO prescribing indicators. Results: Out of 100 prescriptions analysed, 73% were males and 27% were females. The most common age group was 25-30 years. Anogenital warts (19%) were the most common diagnosis, followed by syphilis (17%) and genital scabies (18%). Diagnosis was mostly clinical (54%). Tablet was the most common dosage form (41%). Podophyllotoxin resin (18%) was the most prescribed drug, followed by benzathine penicillin (17%). WHO prescribing indicators...
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Posted by admin on Mar 31, 2026 in |
The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and anti-diabetic activity of Dianthus chinensis flower extract. Petroleum ether and methanol were used for extraction, with the methanolic extract showing higher yield and richer phytochemical content. Quantitative analysis revealed notable levels of total phenolic content (78.9 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and total flavonoid content (71.8 mg/g rutin equivalent), suggesting strong antioxidant capacity. This was supported by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, where the methanol extract exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 48.46 µg/mL, indicating potent antioxidant activity. The anti-diabetic effect was assessed in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Oral administration of the methanolic extract at 400 mg/kg significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved body weight, and normalized lipid parameters compared to diabetic control rats. Histopathological findings showed restoration of pancreatic architecture, confirming its protective effect. In summary, Dianthus chinensis extract demonstrated notable phenolic and flavonoid content, strong antioxidant capacity, and significant glucose-lowering activity in diabetic rats. These results indicate its potential as a natural source of bioactive...
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