Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2025 in |
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a critical component of public health, particularly for refugee populations who experience heightened vulnerabilities due to forced displacement, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, cultural barriers, and restrictive host-country policies. This review examines the complex barriers affecting refugees’ access to SRH services, categorizing them into structural and logistical constraints, socio-cultural determinants, and economic and policy-related challenges. The findings reveal significant gaps in family planning and contraceptive utilization, often influenced by misinformation, partner opposition, and limited contraceptive availability. Additionally, the review evaluates the role of humanitarian interventions, including the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) and community-based SRH programs, in addressing both immediate and long-term healthcare needs. Case studies of successful interventions, such as refugee-led family planning initiatives in Guinea and integrated SRH service models in Bangladesh and Lebanon, demonstrate the efficacy of community engagement, policy reform, and improved coordination among stakeholders in enhancing SRH outcomes. The review underscores the urgent need for sustainable healthcare solutions, advocating for the integration of refugees into national healthcare systems, expansion of...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2025 in |
Background: Analysis of price inconsistencies among various brands guides prescribing physicians. A cost-effective prescribing pattern safeguards good patient compliance and better treatment outcomes. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the cost variation of different angiotensin receptor blockers available in the Indian market. Materials and Methods: The prices of angiotensin receptor blockers, produced by different pharmaceutical companies in India, with the same strength and dosage form were obtained from the Current Index of Medical Specialties, manual 2024-2025. The cost of generics was obtained from the janaushadhi.gov.in website. The maximum and minimum prices of brand drugs manufactured by different companies, cost differences of brand versus generic drugs, cost ratio, and the percentage cost variation, were calculated. Results: Candesartan had the highest cost variation. The difference between the minimum price of brand drugs and the cost of generic drugs was highest with telmisartan 80 mg at 41.23%. The cost variation among the combinations was maximum with telmisartan 80 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg at 559 %. Olmesartan 40 mg +...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2025 in |
Osteoporosis is a Skeletal condition that generally develops with aging. The primary osteoporosis is more prevalent in women after menopause which is known as postmenopausal osteoporosis, and it also happens after the age of 75. Secondary osteoporosis is brought on by long-term usage of drugs like glucocorticoids or chronic underlying illnesses. Oral GC use ranges from 0.5 to 0.9% in the community, and it rises to 2.7% among women over 50 years. The key mechanisms by which glucocorticoids directly affect bone formation involve the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and the activation of PPAR-γ. Moreover, glucocorticoids directly contribute to bone resorption by encouraging the production of RANKL, M-CSF and reducing the synthesis of osteoprotegerin ligand by osteocytes and osteoblastic cells. First-line treatments for osteoporosis include weight-bearing physical activity, exercise, and exercises that help with posture and balance, as well as a diet high in calcium and vitamin D, stopping smoking, and consuming alcohol in moderation. Certain medications are required in the second phase such as anabolic, anti-resorptive, and combination drugs. Medicinal...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2025 in |
The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence and impact of advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of Adenosine Deaminase Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) and propose novel strategies for improved management and therapeutic outcomes. A comprehensive review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, focusing on advancements in ADA-SCID. Gene variant data were analysed using databases like dbSNP and ClinVar, with pathogenicity assessed using tools such as SIFT and PolyPhen. The methodology includes a comprehensive review of studies from 1970–2024 was performed, emphasizing diagnostics (e.g., TREC screening, genomic sequencing) and therapies (e.g., enzyme replacement therapy, HSCT, and gene therapy). The study highlighted the pathogenic variants of the ADA gene contributing to ADA-SCID, diagnostic challenges, and the associated vaccination risks. Current therapeutic approaches, including enzyme replacement therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy, were reviewed, emphasizing their benefits and limitations. Novel therapies, such as CRISPR-Cas9 base editing, in-utero stem cell transplantation, and iPSC-derived treatments, demonstrated promising potential for future management of ADA-SCID. The review consolidates insights into ADA-SCID...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2025 in |
Introduction: Carcinoma cervix is one of the most common cancers accountings for 15% of all the cancers diagnosed in women. Diabetes mellitus is considered a main factor that increases the propensity to get genital infections, especially when uncontrolled. This analysis allowed us to identify an intriguing pattern that opens up new avenues for investigation. Aims and Objectives: To study the PAP smear findings among diabetic females who visited the OPD for various complaints and routine check-ups as well. Material and Method: A total cases of 1800 pap smears from women between age group of 25 to 80, for the period of 1 year were included in this study. Results: Out of 1800, 1308 were diabetic and 492 were nondiabetic. Among patients we found that the incidence of LSIL, HSIL, Ca-Cervix are higher in diabetic women than non-diabetic women. Conclusion: The study’s findings demonstrated a correlation between diabetes mellitus and abnormal pap smear tests, and they also indicated that managing diabetes mellitus is a significant factor influencing pap smear results....
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