Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2026 in |
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains associated with high recurrence and treatment- related morbidity despite advances in conventional therapy. Marine-derived bioactive compounds exhibit promising anticancer activity through apoptosis induction and modulation of oncogenic signaling; however, their clinical translation is limited by poor solubility, instability and inadequate local retention. This structured narrative review summarises current evidence on marine anticancer compounds investigated in OSCC and critically discusses buccal hydrogel- based delivery systems as localized therapeutic platforms. Emphasis is placed on formulation design, mucoadhesion, drug-release behaviour and stability. Although direct marine-hydrogel studies in OSCC are limited, buccal hydrogels show strong potential to enhance local efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. It is also worth mentioning that mechanistic validation of marine compounds is mostly based on non oral cancer models and direct experimental evidence in OSCC- specific systems remains limited to a select number of compound classes such as fucoidan, pardaxin, piscidin-1 and...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2026 in |
Topical microbicides have proved to be an important tool for prevention of HIV transmission in women of reproductive age. Large populations studies including CAPRISA 004, VOICE, DREAM and FACTS001 proved 50-60% efficacy could be achieved with good adherence. These studies have shown the success of microbicides to be largely dependent of patient adherence, partner consent, multiple dosing requirement, aesthetic feel and retention in the cervicovaginal mucosa. To improve efficacy and adherence to microbicides, long-acting formulations are now more actively designed and considered in product development. Formulation design has evolved to provide low cost, scalable, discreet and easy to use multipurpose prevention technologies that provide protection against multiple sexual reproductive health issues. Active pharmaceutical ingredients used for microbicides have also evolved from small molecules and first-generation surfactants to large molecules including antimicrobial peptides and neutralising antibodies with broad spectrum efficacy and reduced viral resistance. The ability of novel molecules to inhibit and disrupt multiple sites in the HIV life cycle have shown potential to increase microbicide efficacy from the preclinical...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2026 in |
Ethosomes are novel vesicular carriers with high concentrations of ethanol and phospholipids, increasingly investigated for the delivery of drugs through the skin and into the body. Ethosomes are more effective than traditional carriers like liposomes in enhancing skin permeation by disrupting the lipid bilayer of the stratum corneum, allowing efficient delivery of both polar and non-polar drugs into underlying layers of the skin and, eventually, systemic circulation. They are versatile carriers that can entrap drugs of varying physicochemical properties and have advantages such as bypassing first-pass metabolism, improving bioavailability, increasing therapeutic efficacy and drug compliance. However, limitations including vesicle instability, lipid oxidation, and fusion during storage remain challenges. This review was carried out through a systematic review of the literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria based on formulation, preparation, mechanism of action and applications of ethosomes. In conclusion, this review offers a systematic and critical review of ethosomal systems, including their composition, preparation, mechanism of permeation,...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2026 in |
Pencil graphite electrodes were quite useful in voltammetric studies of wide range of organic compounds with biological and industrial significance. In the present research, HB pencil graphite paste electrode with 15% pencil 8B grade was fabricated. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical reduction mechanism of nifedipine at the electrode. The peak due to 4e- and 4H+ reduction of 2-nitro group of the drug to hydroxyl amine is selected for the voltammetric method development. The pencil graphite blend paste electrode produced good and consistent reduction peaks of nifedipine by differential pulse voltammetry. The optimisation of pH, scan rate, accumulation time and potential and other parameters was carried out using DPV peak signals. A linear range of 10 – 100 nM for nifedipine was obtained with equation Ip(μA) = 0.098C(nM)+4.309 (correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.999) and detection limits of 6.0 nM and quantitation limits of 20 nM. By the present method, recoveries values are obtained in the range of 97.0-101.0 % for nifedipine tablets with RSD values ranging from...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2026 in |
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly explored as clinical decision-support tools. However, their accuracy and safety in biochemical report interpretation and pharmacotherapy recommendations remain insufficiently evaluated. Objective: To assess the accuracy, safety, consistency, and error patterns of AI chatbots in interpreting biochemical data and providing pharmacological recommendations. Methods: This cross-sectional, case-based analytical study evaluated 100 standardized clinical scenarios across diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, renal dysfunction, and liver disorders. Five AI chatbots were assessed using a uniform prompt. Responses were compared with gold-standard references and scored using a composite system (maximum score = 9) evaluating interpretation accuracy, therapeutic accuracy, safety, and justification. Statistical analysis included Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests. Results: Significant differences were observed among chatbots (p = 0.003). Chatbots A and D demonstrated superior performance, with excellent responses in 68% and 60% of cases, respectively, compared to 28% in chatbot E. Interpretation accuracy was consistently higher (91% in chatbot A) than therapeutic accuracy (87% in chatbot A) across all models. Domain-wise performance was highest in diabetes (91%) and lowest...
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