Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Autism is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, and the repetitive interests or restricted interests and behaviors. Approximately 67 million people are affected by autism around the world. Autism has increased to epidemic proportions, affecting four times as many males and females. The exact etiology of autism remains largely unidentified; however, literature has emerged to propose the genetic, neurological, environmental and immunological contributions play critical roles in the enlargement of autism. Autism is well known as a complex developmental disorder with a seemingly confusing and uncertain pathogenesis. The serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, GABA, cytokinin thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of autism. These areas of research have contributed to the development of a number of medications currently in use for interfering symptoms, and may guide the future development of novel agents. This review will cover the understanding on the clinical sign and symptoms, its causes, diagnosis, pathophysiology and neuronal circuits involved in...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Two new oleanane triterpene type saponins named lebbeckanin I (1) and lebbeckanin II (2), in addition to a new isomer of methyl inositol, D-1-O-methyl-cis-inositol (3), were isolated from butanol fraction of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth flowers. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including MS, 1H & 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC & HMBC. The fraction containing mixture of compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HePG-2 (Hepatocarcinoma), HEP-2 (Larynx carcinoma), HELA (Cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (Breast carcinoma) and HCT-116 (Colon carcinoma) cell lines with LD50 values of 1.74, 3.42, 4.29, 0.65 and 0.74 µg respectively. In addition, the antimicrobial screening of the same fraction was evaluated and showed variable degrees of activity against all the tested organisms. It is notable that the same fraction showed antifungal activity against Syncephalastrum racemosum (RCBM 05922) stronger than that exhibited by Amphotericin...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
The present study reports the studies directed towards the development of safe and efficient herbal mosquito repellent formulations obtained by mixing hexane extract of Azadirachta indica seeds, hexane/ethanol extract of Vitex negundo leaves, essential oils from Ocimum sanctum leaves, Curcuma longa rhizomes and Citrus sinensis peels and essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus leaves, Eucalyptus globules leaves and Syzygium aromaticum buds purchased from the market. 1 ml of 10% (v/v%) extract / essential oil containing ethanol solutions prepared using each plant extract / essential oil was tested for mosquito repellent activity using arm-in-cage method. A volunteer’s forearm rubbed with 1 ml test solution was exposed to 20 blood-seeking mosquitoes and the number of mosquitoes that aligned or biting the arm was recorded in each minute for five minutes. Analysis was carried out as a triplicate and mosquito repellent activities were found to be in the order: Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus (100%) >Ocimum sanctum (97.94%) > Syzygium aromaticum (95.81%) > Citrus sinensis (93.75%) > Curcuma longa (89.56%) > Vitex negundo...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Pharmacogenomics (constitute both branch i.e pharmacology and genetic) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the effect of genetic variation on drug response in patient by correlating the gene expression with the pharmacokinetic parameter i.e absorption, distribution metabolism and excreation. The Pharmacogenomics is used in the research to increase the safety and efficacy of the drug by targeting the drug at the particular site of genes. Pharmacogenetic also play important role in the study of effect of multiple genes in the pharmacological action of drugs. In Pharmacogenomics we identify and study about various component of the genes that affect the therapeutic of the drug. Most of the drugs fail to show therapeutic effect at the latter stages it may be due to unexpected adverse effect of drug that may be due to the effect of various component of genes. Pharmacogenetic studies can be used at various stages of drug development. In clinical studies, pharmacogenetic can be used in stratification of patient based...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Background: Widespread use of antibiotics in livestock production in large-scale across the globe has become of public and veterinary health importance because of its implication in antibiotic resistance. Adequate data in this area of research is not readily available in Nigeria; this study was undertaken in view of the possible link between antimicrobial resistance in farm animals and humans. Methods: We collected fifty samples of raw beef from different vendors and slaughter houses within Abuja and screened them for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium using standard microbiological methods. The total bacterial and fungal counts, susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics and heat sensitivity at 55, 60 and 65ºC for 15 minutes were determined. Results: Our results show that ten isolates of Listeria monocytogenes and eighteen isolates of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from the samples. The total viable bacteria count range was 1x 109 – 8x 109cfu/g while the fungal count was 1x 103 – 9x 109cfu/g. One (10 %) of the Listeria monocytogenes isolates was...
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