Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Introduction: As defined by WHO generic drug is “a pharmaceutical product which is intended to be interchangeable with an innovator product that is manufactured without a license from the innovator company and marketed after the expiry date of the patent or other exclusive rights. They are made with the same active substance as the non-generic drugs which are already authorized and approved for their safety, efficacy and quality before getting licensed. Method: A cross-sectional, prospective, questionnaire-based study was conducted on 115 residents and intern doctors. Awareness and knowledge about generic drugs was checked using pre-validated questionnaire which was followed by an educational intervention and post-questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using MS-excel. Result: A total of 94 participants properly filled up the questionnaire. As per the result of pre-test many participants were not aware of the difference between generic and branded drug, but after conducting educational intervention, increase in knowledge about term generic drugs, branded drugs, safety, efficacy, availability and regulation regarding prescription of generic drug was seen. In...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed for acid-related disorders. Emerging evidence suggests potential renal adverse effects with prolonged use. Objectives: To evaluate changes in renal function parameters among patients receiving prolonged PPI therapy and to assess comparative trends and pharmacoeconomic aspects. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care hospital. Adult patients receiving continuous PPI therapy were included. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Of 400 enrolled patients, 360 completed the 6-month follow-up. Mean BUN increased from 20.03 ± 6.30 mg/dL to 27.99 ± 6.39 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Mean serum creatinine increased from 0.83 ± 0.23 mg/dL to 1.50 ± 0.12 mg/dL (p < 0.001). A clinically significant rise in serum creatinine (≥0.3 mg/dL) was observed in some patients. Descriptive trends suggested higher absolute changes among patients receiving pantoprazole, likely reflecting prescribing predominance. Omeprazole demonstrated lower treatment cost. Conclusion: Prolonged PPI therapy was...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Natural products from medicinal plants remain a valuable source of therapeutic drugs. The current study was designed to assess the phytochemical content, in-vitro antioxidant properties and antidiabetic activity, and also chromatographic fingerprint of the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita. Phytochemical screening of the extract confirmed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis of the phytochemicals showed that the ethanolic extract had higher flavonoid and phenolic compound content than the aqueous extract. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by the DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating methods, which showed strong free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, the α-amylase inhibition assay showed strong antidiabetic activity, suggesting that the plant extract may be useful in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis of the extract showed the presence of various phytochemicals with different Rf values, suggesting the presence of compounds with varying polarity. The findings of this study demonstrate the pharmacological significance of Swertia chirayita and its potential use...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Soil represents a major reservoir of diverse microorganisms, including bacteria capable of developing resistance to antibiotics. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soil samples collected from different locations in Durgapur, West Bengal, India, and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance patterns. Ten soil samples were collected and bacterial isolates were obtained using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were characterized by colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. The results revealed the presence of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species. Several isolates showed resistance to one or more antibiotics, and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.4 to 1.0. The findings suggest that soil environments may act as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, species identification in the present study was based on phenotypic characteristics and should be considered presumptive. Further molecular characterization is required to confirm the identity of the...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to systematically evaluate and optimize gas generating agents for the development of a gastro retentive floating bilayer tablet containing metformin hydrochloride (sustained release layer) and canagliflozin (immediate release layer). METHODS: The investigation was carried out in two sequential stages. Initially, different gas generating agents sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate were screened at a fixed concentration of 7.5% w/w of the sustained release (SR) layer (batches C7–C10). Based on performance, sodium bicarbonate was selected for further optimization at varying concentrations of 5%, 7.5% and 10% w/w (batches C11, C7 and C12). Bilayer tablets were prepared using direct compression technique. Floating characteristics were assessed in simulated gastric fluid, while drug content and dissolution studies were performed using validated analytical methods. RESULTS: Among the tested agents, sodium bicarbonate demonstrated superior buoyancy characteristics. A concentration dependent reduction in floating lag time was observed. Batch C12, containing 10% w/w sodium bicarbonate (80 mg per 800 mg SR layer), exhibited the shortest floating lag time...
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