Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
This study evaluated and compared the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and gliclazide in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 291 patients were assigned to two treatment groups receiving either sitagliptin or gliclazide. Glycemic parameters, including fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels, were assessed over a period of six months. Adverse effects, particularly episodes of hypoglycemia, were also monitored to evaluate safety. Both treatment groups showed significant improvement in glycemic control over time. However, gliclazide demonstrated a more consistent and greater reduction in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels. A statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin was observed in the gliclazide group, whereas the reduction in the sitagliptin group did not reach statistical significance. In terms of safety, gliclazide was associated with a higher incidence of hypoglycemic episodes. Sitagliptin, although producing relatively modest improvements in glycemic parameters, exhibited a more favorable safety profile with fewer hypoglycemic events. In conclusion, gliclazide provides superior glycemic control in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Nail plate disorders account for 10% of all dermatological disorders having an impact on 20-25% of population worldwide. Nail bed infections are difficult to treat due to shorter nail residence time of topically applied formulation and unavailability of novel formulations in the market for antimicrobial drug. Increased occurrence of onychomycosis in recent times and because of involvement of occupation, socio-economic status, climate, gender, age and genetic and immune factors it is need of hour to explore the newer formulation with better efficacy. The goal of this study was to use the topical nanoemulsion in gel form for onychomycosis. As, topically applied product is more acceptable than oral product but topically applied product have its own disadvantages. To overcome those nanoemulsion in gel form was prepared. Nanoemulsion was developed using low energy emulsification technique. Nanoemulsion was found to have drug content of 98.03±0.265, globule size 230±0.2 and zeta potential of -0.3mV, converted to a gel using apt polymer. Nanogel thus formed showed better permeation through hoof nail and was having...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Nitrosamine impurities have emerged as a major global concern in pharmaceutical quality due to their well-established mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Since the detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in angiotensin receptor blockers in 2018, regulatory agencies worldwide have implemented risk-based control frameworks for nitrosamine impurities in drug substances and finished products. Nitrosamines may form through interactions between amines and nitrosating agents during active pharmaceutical ingredient synthesis, solvent reuse, raw material contamination, manufacturing conditions, or storage. Recent attention has also focused on nitrosamine drug substance related impurities (NDSRIs), which are structurally derived from APIs and may arise through degradation or side reactions. Due to extremely low acceptable intake limits, highly sensitive analytical techniques such as LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry are required. This review summarizes nitrosamine formation mechanisms, analytical detection strategies, regulatory frameworks, case studies, and mitigation approaches, with emphasis on ensuring pharmaceutical...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Background: Neonatal sepsis is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, characterized by hemodynamic instability and variable clinical presentations. Early and accurate diagnosis remains challenging and typically relies on a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory parameters, and microbiological confirmation, most commonly through blood culture. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), Greater Noida, from June 1, 2024, to May 31, 2025. A total of 511 blood samples from neonates with suspected sepsis were processed using the automated BACTEC blood culture system. Isolates were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Results: Of the 511 suspected cases, 144 (28.2%) were culture-positive. Fungal isolates (budding yeast cells) were the most frequent, accounting for 63 (43.8%) cases, followed by Gram-negative bacilli in 54 (37.5%) cases and Gram-positive cocci in 27 (18.8%) cases. Among fungal pathogens, Candida albicans was predominant (46 isolates; 31.9%), with a higher proportion observed in early-onset sepsis (43.7%) compared...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2026 in |
Parmotrema perlatum or Parmelia perlataor Kalpasi or black stone flower is a foliose lichen traditionally valued for its medicinal and aromatic properties. In recent years, the species has attracted growing scientific interest because of its rich content of unique secondary metabolites and wide range of biological activities. These review highlights the botanical features, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological potential of Parmotrema perlatum. The lichen is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, and fatty acid which contribute to its diverse therapeutic potential. Experimental studies have demonstrated that Parmotrema perlatum exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, hepatoprotective, antitubercular, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, vasodilator, anti-dermatophytic, antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, cytotoxic, gastroprotective, and chemopreventive activity. However, most evidence is derived from in-vitro and in-vivo studies and there is a lack of standardized phytochemical characterization and comprehensive safety evaluation. Therefore, further well-designed studies, including standardized extracts and clinical investigations, are necessary to validate its efficacy and...
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