Posted by admin on May 31, 2025 in |
Chromosomal non-disjunction is a pivotal error in cell division where chromosomes fall to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes, the condition is known as aneuploidy. This phenomenon has significant consequences for human health, as it underpins several kinds of genetic disease, such as Downsyndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Non-disjunction may occur during mitosis, Meiosis-I or meiosis-II and various factors influence how sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes segregate. Maternal age is a significant risk factor, spicily for neostick non-disjunction triggered by prolonged oocyte stoppage in Prophase-I. Additional causes environmental and genetic and epigenetic alterations in cohesinproteins. Non-disjunction can cause developmental issues, miscarriages, mosaicism and chromosomal instability in cancer. The diagnosis of aneuploidy has increased due to advances in diagnostic procedure such as Karyotyping, Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and non-invasive prenatal testing. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and genetic counselling provide at risk families with preventive measures. Despite advancement in understanding the molecular causes and effects treatment options remains limited. Continued study is needed...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2025 in |
Computer-aided drug design programs use mathematical formulas to predict the property value and structure of stable, unknown, and molecular species. Quantum mechanics, hybrid QM/MM, molecular bonding, molecular modelling, molecular mechanics, and QSAR are some of the techniques used in molecular bonding studies. An average drug discovery cycle, from lead identification to clinical trials, is expected to take about a year. Computer-aided drug design technologies have the potential to reduce drug design and development costs by 50% when integrated into a company’s research and development methodologies. Drug development can be accelerated by using computational methods to interpret and direct trials. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches come in two primary varieties: ligand-based drug design (LBDD) and structure-based drug design (SBDD). The three-dimensional structural data from macromolecular targets, like proteins or RNA, is examined by SBDD techniques to identify crucial sites and interactions that are crucial to their...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2025 in |
Re-endothelialization after stent implantation and vascular injury is a critical step in the process of vascular healing. Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is a major factor influencing the induction of re-endothelialization. Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used anti-epileptic drug. VPA was recently shown to modulate expression of various genes involved in angiogenic activity. However, accumulating evidence suggests that significant dose-dependent antiproliferative effects of VPA can occur and partial cytotoxic effects may restrict the use of VPA to local high-dose (≥ 1mM) devices such as a drug eluting stent. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of low-dose VPA on proliferation of HUVECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in-vitro and neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries in-vivo. Treatment of HUVECs with low-dose VPA (≤ 1mM) promoted proliferation, whereas VSMCs were not affected. Particularly, VPA 100 nM and 100 μM promoted endothelial proliferation by 151.41 ± 15.40% and 163.28 ± 4.82%, respectively, compared with the control group. These changes were preceded by increased expression of extracellular signal-regulated...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2025 in |
A Multifactorial disorder primarily of energy balance, which occurs due to imbalance between energy expenditure and excess of calorie intake. Obesity is becoming a serious health related problem worldwide. Appropriate Treatment plans as well as Goals have been established for this disorder, when a patient presents with certain complications, for example, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease presents with obesity. A number of medications have been approved by the U S Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of this disorder. However, the medications should be used in conjunction with healthy eating habits and physical activity. Several medications have been withdrawn due to serious adverse effects, yet several new drugs are in trials. This article will review the Pathophysiology of the occurrence of obesity, the neurotransmitters involved in its onset, the history of medications: why and which were withdrawn, what all medications are available, what are the future for the treatment of patients suffering from...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2025 in |
Fungal infections constituted a major chunk of secondary infections in COVID-19 due to immunosuppresion and rampant use of steroids. Invasive Aspergillosis, Candidemia and COVID associated mucormycois (CAM) post second wave in India among COVID-19 patients was a challenging experience for the clinicians. Increased burden of fungal infections led to a tremendous increase in the sample load of the mycology laboratories across the country. This retrospective study was planned to observe the types of fungal infections reported during COVID-19 pandemic and study the impact of COVID-19 on the sample burden in the mycology laboratory of our tertiary care hospital. Samples received from admitted patients in mycology laboratory were processed using standard procedures. The data was collected and analysed in terms of change in the sample numbers, sample types received during pre and post COVID years (Year 2019 to Year 2022) and also the types of fungal infections reported during pandemic. Total number of samples received in the year 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were 656, 396, 940 and 1276 respectively...
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