Volume 17 (2026) - Issue 6, June
Review Articles
UNDERSTANDING PROSTATE CANCER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ITS MECHANISMS, TREATMENTS, AND THE EMERGING ROLE OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS
Prostate cancer is among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in men and remains a major contributor to cancer-related morbidity worldwide, particularly in ageing populations. Despite advances in screening and therapeutic strategies, challenges related to disease progression, therapeutic resistance, and treatment-associated adverse effects persist. This review critically examines the aetiolo...
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT: CURRENT APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
The global health burden of diabetes mellitus remains high, and fresh approaches are required beyond traditional medical management. Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently become a groundbreaking catalyst with great potential for revolutionizing all aspects of diabetes care, from forecasting and diagnosis to personalized therapy and risk prevention. This review discusses the use of machine ...
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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY AND CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS FOR PROSTATE CANCER AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
This review synthesizes contemporary advances in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer, with a focus on therapeutic developments that have substantially improved outcomes in both localized and metastatic disease. The scope of the review encompasses curative-intent treatment modalities, advances in systemic therapy, and improvements in diagnostic imaging and staging that collectively info...
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THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF SUNSCREENS: BALANCING UV PROTECTION WITH HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF BENZOPHENONE-3
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from natural sunlight is a well-recognized contributor to skin damage, including sunburn, photoaging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Photoprotective agents such as sunscreens and sunblocks play a crucial role in reducing these effects by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering UV radiation. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a widely used organic UV filter that effectively abs...
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PROMISES AND PERILS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BASIC SCIENCES MEDICAL EDUCATION
Background: Within the realm of artificial intelligence, a notably prominent large language model is ChatGPT, which is employed in the domain of medical education to address challenges associated with teaching, learning and assessment. These models have been utilized in various capacities such as the creation of clinical scenarios, the generation of multiple-choice questions, and the facilitation ...
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EMERGING ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN KIDNEY DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Kidney diseases continue to impose a substantial global health burden due to their progressive nature, delayed clinical detection, and strong association with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Conventional diagnostic and prognostic tools in nephrology, including serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and imaging modalities, often provide limited insight into early disease me...
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PRECISION MEDICINE: WHAT MAY BE THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL??
Extraordinary advances in clinical pharmacology transforms the current state of healthcare into the era of precision medicine where; clinical practice takes individual variability into account. It has been boosted by genetics and typically considered to be driven in an individual by a single genetic variant. Often the mechanisms generating the full clinical phenotype from such a perceived single ...
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Research Articles
GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM RESTORES IN THREE DAYS HAEMATOLOGIC PARAMETERS AFTER PHENYLHYDRAZINE-INDUCED ANEMIA OF INFLAMMATION IN WISTAR RATS
Graptophyllum pictum (GP) is used to treat anemiain some traditional communities. To understand this practice, we had prepared GP tea leaves for the management of phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rats. An experimental protocol was built with six groups of six rats each. Rats in normal group were fed with standard food and water ad libitum. The rest of rats received an intraperitoneal injection of...
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EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF LACTIUM (α-CASOZEPINE) IN SWISS ALBINO MICE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH PENTAZOCINE
Background: Pain management remains challenging with current analgesics associated with significant adverse effects. Lactium, a milk protein hydrolysate containing α-casozepine with GABA-A receptor affinity, has unexplored analgesic potential. Methods: Twenty-four male Swiss albino mice (20-30g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=6): control (normal saline 10ml/kg), standard (pentazocin...
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CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER IN LEAN AND NON-LEAN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS ACCORDING TO ASIA-PACIFIC BASAL METABOLIC INDEX CRITERIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, WEST BENGAL– A CROSS SECTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a metabolic spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although classically associated with obesity, lean individuals particularly in Asian populations are increasingly affected due to higher visceral adiposity at lower body mass index (BMI). The Asia-Pacific guideline defines lean as BMI <2...
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PRODUCTION OF AN ANTI-GASTRIC ULCER SYRUP FROM KHAYA GRANDIFOLIOLA BARK.
Gastric ulcers (GU) represent a world prevalence of 5-10% and a 10.4% prevalence in Cameroon. The frequent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one of the major causes. The effective treatments available are expensive and have serious side effects. Treating GU with medicinal plants could be a safer alternative solution. In this work, we formulated an anti-ulcer syrup using th...
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING ORAL FILM LOADED WITH AMBRISENTAN FOR THE TREATMENT OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH) AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Ambrisentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist for rapid administration during early disease progression to provide therapeutic benefit. This study aimed to develop Ambrisentan as a fast-dissolving oral film (FDOF) and evaluate the physicochemical and performance characteristics of the formulated films. The FDOFs were prepared using film-forming polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ...
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FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES CONTAINING BENIDIPINE
The study focused on the formulation, optimization, and evaluation of benidipine transdermal patches to overcome the drug’s low oral bioavailability and short half-life. FTIR analysis confirmed compatibility between benidipine and selected excipients (HPMC K-100, CMC, PEG-400, Tween-20), showing no significant peak shifts. Patches (F1–F12) were prepared by solvent casting with varying polymer ...
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STANDARDIZING METHODS TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF ANTIBIOFILM AGENTS
Microbial biofilms are a major cause of hospital-acquired infections and play a critical role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Cells within biofilms exhibit altered physiology and resistance to antimicrobial agents, making biofilm associated infections challenging to treat. Although numerous compounds are being evaluated for antibiofilm activity, lack of standardized and optimized...
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SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS AND THEIR ROLE IN INFLAMMATION IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM)
The purpose of the present study is to focus on comparative analysis between antidiabetic drugs and minerals like calcium and phosphorus to understand their role in inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The sample size is 500 blood samples of both genders which was divided into 3 groups: A, B, and C. Group A on metformin of daily dosage 500mg consisted of 200 subjects, Group B on other anti-di...
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NANOSPONGES BASED HYDROGEL CONTAINING ESSENTIAL OIL FOR WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY
The present study was aimed at incorporation of Frankinsense oil in nanosponges based hydrogel for wound healing activity. The oil was incorporated in nanosponges by the emulsion solvent diffusion method using different combinations of hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K15M, Poly vinyl alcohol, agar, hydrophobic polymers like ethyl cellulose, eudragit S100 and dichloromethane as crosslinking agent. P...
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HPTLC-BASED QUANTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANT MARKER COMPOUNDS IN SAUSSUREA LAPPA C.B. CLARKE AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC RELEVANCE IN KABASURA KUDINEER
Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae), an important medicinal plant widely used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Traditional Chinese Medicine, is a key ingredient of several classical formulations, including Kabasura Kudineer. Owing to its extensive therapeutic applications in inflammatory, respiratory, and infectious disorders, standardization and quality evaluation of this plant are essential....
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A STUDY OF THE HYPOLIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF BAMBUSA BALCOOA IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN RABBITS
Objective: The study was carried out to investigate the possible hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of the shoot extract of Bambusa balcooa in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits. Methods: Ethanolic extract of shoot of Bambusa balcooa (EELBB) was evaluated for hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities using 400 mg/kg body weight per day in a high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia i...
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF GLIPIZIDE BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE
Glipizide, a second-generation sulfonylurea, is extensively employed in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its insulin secretagogue activity. However, its limited aqueous solubility, as classified under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II, results in dissolution rate-limited absorption and suboptimal oral bioavailability. The present investigation was aimed at ...
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TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE IN DISSECTION HALL ON PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS OF 1ST YEAR MBBS STUDENTS
Introduction: 1st year M.B.B.S. students are exposed to Formaldehyde, used as a component of embalming mixture for Anatomy Dissection classes and to preserve organ specimen. Formaldehyde is known to cause irritation of respiratory tract and causes inflammation, mediators released like histamine, serotonin cause contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi. Lung Function Tests such as FVC, FEV1, and FEV...
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EVALUATING THE COST OF ILLNESS AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN CLINICALLY DEPRESSED PATIENTS: A PILOT STUDY
Mental disorders, particularly depression, substantially affect health by impairing daily functioning and lowering quality of life (QoL). This study assessed the relationship between depression severity, QoL, and cost of illness among 51 depressive patients. Regression analysis showed that age was the only significant demographic factor influencing QoL (β = -0.433, p = 0.043), while other factors...
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INVESTIGATIONS OF LIPID PROFILE LEVELS IN PATIENTS TAKING ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATION: A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY
Background: Hypertension commonly coexists with dyslipidemia, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. Antihypertensive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may differ in their effects on lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare the effects of ramipril and telmisartan on serum lipid profile in patients with newly diagnosed essential hyperten...
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EXPLORATION OF THREE INDIAN SPICES FOR ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF THESE SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES
Nanotechnology has revolutionized multiple scientific domains, especially biomedical sciences. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) due to their unique properties find a wide application in biomedicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, textile, rubber and electronic industries. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs employing plant-based extracts is an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to ...
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TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF CITICOLINE MONOTHERAPY VERSUS CITICOLINE & PIRACETAM COMBINATION IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a major global cause of mortality and long-term disability, primarily due to thrombotic or embolic occlusion of intracranial arteries. Neuroprotective agents such as citicoline and piracetam have been shown to limit acute neuronal injury and enhance functional recovery. However, there remains no universally proven pharmacological therapy for the acute pha...
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DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS ON CURRENCY NOTES COLLECTED FROM STREET FOOD VENDORS IN CENTRAL INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Currency notes are frequently exchanged during daily transactions and can act as potential vehicles for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. In developing countries, especially in street food settings, poor hygiene practices further increase the risk of microbial contamination and disease transmission. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess mic...
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UNDERSTANDING PATIENT PERSPECTIVES ON GENERIC MEDICINES: EVIDENCE FROM A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN JAIPUR
Background: Generic medicines are a key strategy for improving healthcare affordability and access, particularly in India, where out-of-pocket expenditure remains high. Despite policy initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana, patient acceptance and utilisation of generic medicines remain inconsistent. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and...
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INVESTIGATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MAMMILLARIA BENECKEI C. EHRENB STEM UTILIZING IN-VITRO TECHNIQUES
Background: Mammillaria beneckei C. Ehrenb, a species of cactus native to regions of Mexico, has been recognized for its medicinal potential due to its rich phytochemical composition. It belongs to the family Cactaceae and the genus Mammillaria, which is known for its globular or cylindrical shape. This study aimed to perform comprehensive phytochemical profiling, pharmacognostical parameters and ...
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PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN THE URINE SAMPLE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative uropathogens isolated from diabetic patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) attending a tertiary care hospital in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 225 midstream urine samples collected from clinically suspected diabetic UTI patients, of which 132 showed significan...
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HEAVY METAL-TOLERANT RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATION FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL SAMPLES OF PARICCHA, BUNDELKHAND
Heavy metal contamination poses a severe risk to soil health and crop productivity, particularly in industrially impacted regions. In this study, agricultural soils surrounding the Pariccha Thermal Power Plant, Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, were sampled to isolate cadmium (Cd)-tolerant rhizobacteria from three different sites. A total of 35 bacterial isolates were obtained, among these, three (VYS1,...
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ANTICHOLINERGIC BURDEN OF DRUGS PRESCRIBED TO GERIATRIC PATIENTS ATTENDING MEDICINE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT
Background: Anticholinergic effects of drugs, particularly those prescribed to geriatric patients, have garnered significant attention due to their potential to induce a range of adverse outcomes, including cognitive decline, urinary retention, and increased risk of falls. Anticholinergic medications function by blocking the action of acetylcholine, neurotransmitter crucial for numerous involuntar...
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