Volume 3 (2012) - Issue 12, December
Review Articles
APPLICATIONS OF NOVEL VESICULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AS OCULAR DRUG VEHICLES: A REVIEW
The eye is the most easily reachable organ available for topical drug delivery of local as well as interiorly acting drugs. Ideal drug delivery system aims to provide loading and maintenance dose of drug while being within therapeutic limits at the desired site of action for the desired period of time. In the treatment of ocular disease, the site of action is very narrow and undesired side effects...
4268
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1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLES: AS BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT AGENTS
The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds containing five membered 1, 2, 4-triazole nucleus has been an intresting field of study for past few decades. The five membered 1, 2, 4-triazole ring exists in two tautomeric forms i.e., 1H-1, 2, 4-triazole, 4H-1, 2, 4-triazole collectively known as s-triazoles. The s-triazole derivatives possess extensive spectrum of biological activities such as antibacter...
6572
2298
ARTEMISIA ANNUA (QINGHAO): A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW
Artemisia annua L., also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort and annual wormwood (Chinese: qngho), is a common type of wormwood that is native to temperate Asia, but naturalized throughout the world, and that belongs to the family of the Asteraceae. Currently, Artemisia annua is the source for the production of artemisinin and semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (including dihy...
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5855
LYCOPENE: IT’S ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Lycopene is a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products and other fruits. It is one of the most potent antioxidants among dietary carotenoids. Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have been found...
4327
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RESEALED ERYTHROCYTES: AN ADVANCED REVIEW
Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the human body (~5.4 million cells/mm3 blood in a healthy male and ~ 4.8 million cells/mm3 blood in a healthy female) having potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs and drug loaded microspheres. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes are prepared simply by collecting blood samples from the organism of interest, separating erythrocytes from pla...
5802
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FDA WARNING LETTER ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR GMP COMPLIANCE
In the past few years, the US Food and Drug Administration has issued more warning letters, import alert & seizure to manufacturers of finished product for violation of the current good manufacturing practice regulation. Indian and US Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s Warning letter from the FDA's Electronic Reading Room were selected as case study and was analyzed for non-compliance of GMP with...
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STIMULI SENSITIVE HYDROGELS IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Hydrogels are the 3 dimensional cross linked polymeric networks which absorb the water 10-20 times of its molecular weight. Hydrogels are sensitive to different environmental stimuli like pH, temperature, ion, electric signals, light, pressure, antigen specific, enzyme sensitive, and glucose levels. When the environment is get change they get swell, and swelling is the most important characteristi...
5143
1600
PRONIOSOMES AS A DRUG CARRIER: A REVIEW
Nanotechnology is an advancing technology expected to bring revolutionary changes in the field of life sciences including drug delivery, diagnostics, nutraceuticals and biomedical for implants and prosthesis. The advance in nanotechnology helps in preparing newer formulations. One of the advancement in nanotechnology is the preparation of proniosomes. A comprehensive research has done on proniosom...
6997
2002
IMPORTANCE OF RP-HPLC IN ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW
Chromatography, although primarily a separation technique, is mostly employed in chemical analysis in which High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an extremely versatile technique where analytes are separated by passage through a column packed with micrometer-sized particles. Now a day reversed-phase chromatography is the most commonly used separation technique in HPLC. The reasons for t...
16832
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PATIENT COUNSELING TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
Patient counseling were intended to improve adherence and maintaining quality of life. Antiretroviral adherence is the second strongest predictor of progression to AIDS and death, after CD4 count. Incomplete adherence to ART is common in all groups of treating individuals. The commonest cause of ART failure is poor adherence. Several factors associated with poor adherence include a poor patient-cl...
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AN OVERVIEW ON NANOEMULSION: A NOVEL APPROACH
The nanoemulsion is one of the most efficient dispersed nanosystems of droplet size ranging to submicron size. Nanoemulsions/ Sub-micron emulsions (SMEs)/ Mini-emulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent or translucent dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant and co surfactant molecules having a droplet size of less than 100 nm. This review provides bri...
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STATUS OF AHMED GLAUCOMA VALVE IN MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA: SUCCESS OR FAILURE
Introduction: Glaucoma valves have been used in the treatment of glaucoma in the cases where medications no longer show the appropriate results. Due to the various complications in molteno, other glaucoma valves such as Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) were introduced. Ahmed glaucoma valve has proved to be very useful in the management of glaucoma. This review thus summarizes how far AGV has been succes...
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RECENT ADVANCES IN HOT MELT EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY
Melt extrusion process which is well known in the polymer and food industry is now being used for pharmaceutical manufacturing to create innovative new formulations and is a continuous process of mixing and designing moldable materials. It is one of the most widely applied processing techniques useful for preparing solid dosage forms, granules, pellets, suppositories, implants, stents, ophthalmic ...
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MAGNETIC DRUG DELIVERY IN THERAPEUTICS
Magnetic modulated drug delivery system addresses the major problem of initial biodistribution of drug carrier. It involves the use of particulate carriers to a localized diseased site. Magnetic microspheres can be used for site-specific drug targeting as in case of tumors, magnetic bioseparation and also can be used for non-targeted drug delivery as in case of contrast agents (MRI) and drug res...
4498
1401
RECENT APPORACHES IN BILAYERED TECHNOLOGY: REVIEW
Bilayered tablet is an important pharmaceutical technology for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, to separate incompatible substances and also formulating sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate r...
5158
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PHARMACOLOGICAL PERCEPTION OF PEPTIDES FROM MARINE SPONGE: A REVIEW
Marine sponges, the sessile invertebrates of the Phylum porifera are invaluable tool in current research. They remain as a goldmine to chemist and pharmacologist due to its defensive weapons, the secondary metabolites. Endogenous peptides from marine sponges and associated microorganisms are promising lead compound for drug development. Some of the compounds are under clinical trials. These peptid...
3695
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PAIN AND INFLAMMATION: A REVIEW
This article enlightens physiological components of pain and inflammation. The objective is to study pain, inflammation and their pathophysiology. It is one of the common and one of the most difficult problems to diagnose and is generally fund in common people. Pain is a complex experience which includes psychological and behavior components and results from trauma, diseases, surgical intervention...
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Research Articles
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND PROSPECTIVE COHORTS: FOLLOW UP METHODS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA TREATED WITH DASATINIB
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of hematopoietic stem cells associated with a t(9;22) translocation that forms the Philadelphia chromosome and creates a novel fusion gene, BCR-ABL. For those who are resistant or intolerant to imatinib, second-generation tirosino-kinase inhibitor, as dasatinib, has been shown to be efficacious in all phases of the disease. Once dasatinib is taken ora...
3148
1181
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF AMOMUM SUBULATUM ROXB. FRUITS EXTRACT
Inflammatory diseases including different types of rheumatic diseases are a major and worldwide problem. Now a day’s, world population moves towards herbal remedies for treatment. Several edible plants parts are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Amomum subulatum Roxb (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as large cardamom, is traditionally used for several medi...
4536
1385
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF 2, 2-BIPYRIDINEDICHLOROPLATINUM (II), C10H8CL2N2Pt
Antimicrobial activity of compound (2) was investigated against pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram (+), Escherichia coli (Gram (-) and fungal strain, Candida albicans using the Well Diffusion and the Poison plate methods. Compound (2) was shown to inhibit pathogenic growth, and judging from the area of the zone of inhibition, the susceptibility of the microorganism against co...
3167
1840
YERBA MATÉ (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) EFFECT ON HUMAN COLON NORMAL AND TUMOR CELLS
Background: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is known to possess many biological activities against diverse tissues among others alimentary tract wall. Correspondence to Author: Dr. Roman Paduch Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland E-mail: rpaduch@poczta.umcs.lubl...
7275
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DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSED TADALAFIL TABLETS
Tadalafil (TD), a PDE-5 inhibitor, belongs to BCS class II. It is poorly soluble in water and requires enhancement in solubility and dissolution rate for increasing its oral bioavailability. In the present investigation, solid dispersed systems of tadalafil with poloxamer188 and sodium starch glycolate were prepared using solvent evaporation technique. The dissolution rate of the drug and poloxame...
5807
2059
ASSESSMENT OF DETERMINANTS OF INDUCED ABORTION AMONG CHILD BEARING AGE WOMEN ATTENDING MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CLINIC IN MEKELLE TOWN, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus. Induced abortion is usually defined as deliberate pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks (for developed countries) and 28weeks (for developing countries) gestation. Describing the determinants of induced abortions contributes for long lasting reduction of induced abortion. Objective: ...
5329
1475
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BASELLA ALBA FRUIT
The antimicrobial activity of the extracts Basella alba fruit were evaluated by measuring the zones of inhibition using Agar well Diffusion method against eight species of microorganisms: Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus, Klubsiella, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The extract showed significant antibacterial activity ...
6327
1563
ANTIMICROBIAL, CYTOTOXICITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM THE STEM OF RAVENIA SPECTABILIS LINDL.
Aim of this study was to determine the Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant activities of the stem of Ravenia spectabilis. For this study, the dried stem’s powder of Ravenia spectabilis was subjected to cold extraction with methanol and partitioned with n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. The crude methanolic extracts and its n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform soluble p...
3684
1358
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE EGFR PROTEIN INHIBITOR (IRESSA 1) USING TOPKAT
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway has emerged as a key target in non-small-cell lung cancer. EGFR inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer is achieved via small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib or Iressa (gefitinib), or monoclonal antibodies such as cetuximab. The EGFR is under investigation as a therapeutic target for cancers. Lung cancer cell lines are va...
3214
1194
COMPARATIVE AND SYNERGISTIC ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CARICA PAPAYA AND AZADARICHTA INDICA LEAVES
Comparative and synergistic antioxidant properties of Carica papaya leaf (CPL) and Azadarichta indica leaf (AIL), which are popularly used as medicinal plants were evaluated by analyzing the individual leaves and their 1:1 (mass/mass) homogenous combination (CPL+AIL) concurrently. The antioxidant properties measured were the levels of total phenol, tannin, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, vitami...
4075
1565
ETHNOMEDICINAL USE OF PTERIDOPHYTES IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF TRIBAL WOMEN OF PACHMARHI BIOSPHERE RESERVE, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA
This paper describes the utilization of pteridophytes for the treatment of various gynecological and other related problems by the indigenous women of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in Madhya Pradesh. The present study reveals that 23 species of pteridophytes belonging to 15 families and 18 genera are traditionally used by tribal women of Korku, Gond, Bharia, Bhil, Mauria, Maria, Paria, Bhatara and B...
6392
3146
ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND ANTIDIARRHEAL PROPERTIES OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MANILKARA ZAPOTA (LINN.) BARK
Aim of the study: The present study was designed to investigate the analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities of the ethanolic extract from the bark of Manilkara zapota (Linn.). Material and methods: The analgesic activity was evaluated in acetic acid induced writhing model and the antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated in castor oil induced diarrhoea model in white albino mice (Swiss-webstar stra...
4127
1328
EFFECT OF CURCUMIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS OF D-GALACTOSE INDUCED MALE MICE
Significant increase in the salivary gland lipid peroxidation, fluorescence product as well as accumulation of lipofuscin granules–age pigment was observed after injection of 5% D-galactose 0.5 ml daily for 30 days. Supplementations of turmeric extract (30mg/kg body weight) for 30 days during and after D-galactose treatment significantly reduced all the above parameters. Histochemical changes in...
3382
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IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SERIES OF NEW PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES; A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP
In present study, a series of new synthesized condensed pyrazole derivatives 1a-f have evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant activity, reducing power ability, antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and antifungal activity against different organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration against the bacterial and fungal strains was determined. The study provides the...
3183
1448
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS EFFECT AGAINST PATHOGENIC ORAL FLORA
This research was targeted to reveal the phytochemical activity of Casuarina equisetifolia against susceptible pathogenic oral bacteria. Antibacterial effect of the plant was examined by well diffusion method. Different plant parts were screened for the phytochemicals using various polar solvents like ethanol, acetone, methanol, chloroform and water. Studies disclosed that Casuarina equisetifolia ...
5088
1697
ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF XANTHIUM INDICUM
The objective of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and analgesic activity of ethanol extract of Xanthium indicum Koen. Family: Compositae. Ethanol extract of X. indicum plant was prepared and tested for its phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. Preliminary phytochemical investigation showed that extracts possessed the active principles-alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosid...
3736
1573
BIOFUNGICIDAL OR BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA CAMARA AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC ALTERNARIA ALTERNATA
The leaf extracts of Lantana camara in different organic solvents (methanol, acetone, ethanol and aqueous) were assessed in-vitro for fungitoxic activity against phytopathogenic Alternaria alternata isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The assessment of fungitoxicity was carried out by food poison technique1 using four different extracts at 200 mg/ml and t...
4432
2341
SELF-ASSEMBLED LIPID NANOTUBES, NANOSHEETS AND NANOPIPES
Three N,N’-diacyl-2,6-diaminopyridines were synthesized with a saturated undecanoic acid or an unsaturated undecenoic acid in order to study the effect of the alkyl-chain on the nano architectures. The imaging studies showed that the compound possessing two unsaturated alkyl chains exhibited a tubular structure. On the other hand compound possessing two saturated alkyl chain showed poorly formed...
2966
1479
ANTIBIOGRAM ASSESSMENT AGAINST UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION CAUSING BACTERIA
Human body is a perfect natural habitat for numerous microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeasts and some viruses which are termed as microflora of a body. Amongst its upper respiratory tract, is the most common infections in the world. Our study aimed at determining the antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains against several antibiotics, isolated from the respiratory tract of the suspected ...
3674
1238
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLET
The objective of the present study was to develop venlafaxine hydrochloride orodispersible tablet by using conventional techniques which are simple and cost effective such as use of superdisintegrant technology. In this, sodium starch glycolate and Crosscarmellose sodium crosspovidone and kyron-T-314 were used in the rapid disintegration of the tablets. In this various trials were conducted for th...
3744
1343
ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ASTERACANTHA LONGIFOLIA NEES.
The antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Asteracantha longifolia Nees has been evaluated against 4 Gram positive bacteria, 7 Gram negative bacteria and 7 fungi. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole used as standards for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The extract showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 15.0 to 26.0 mm. A. longifoli...
3575
1286
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA
The main cause of increasing of infectious diseases cases is due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms emergence, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, responsible for most of hospital-acquired infections and millions deaths related. Despite development of new antibiotics, control of these microorganisms is not always successful. Several plant extracts have demonstrated ...
4320
1287
NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
A new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Ketorolac tromethamine in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the reaction of ketorolac tromethamine with 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1, 4-benzquinone (DDQ) to form red color charge–transfer complex with a λmax. 460nm extracted in methanol. Beer’s law is obeyed i...
4487
1534
A STUDY OF AQUEOUS FILM COATING ON MICROCRYSTALLINE HYDROXY APATITE COMPLEX TABLETS
Water soluble polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Carboxy Methyl Cellulose - Sodium (CMC - Na), and Methyl Cellulose as well as in combination of varying proportions are used in this study for the protective coating of Microcrystalline Hydroxy Apatite Complex (MCHC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous fi...
4259
1332
OXIDATION OF TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT, AMITRIPTYLINE, BY PERMANGANATE IN SULPHURIC ACID MEDIUM: KINETIC AND MECHANISTIC APPROACH
The kinetics of oxidation of amitriptyline by potassium permanganate in aqueous sulphuric acid medium at 298K and at a constant ionic strength of 0.20 mol dm-3 has been investigated spectrophotometrically. The reaction exhibits 5:4 stoichiometry (5 Amitriptyline:4 KMnO4). The reaction was first order with respect to manganese(VII) concentration. The order with respect to amitriptyline was found to...
3815
1398
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF COMMONLY FOUND MICROALGAE SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, NOSTOC MUSCORUM AND CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND FUNGI
In the present study, three algal species (Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Nostoc muscorum (ATCC 2789) were used to investigate their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against some human pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and fungus Aspergillus luchuensis,...
6646
1649
DEVELOPMENT OF VALIDATED HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF FEXOFENADINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND MONTELUKAST SODIUM IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
A simple, fast and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEXO) and Montelukast Sodium (MONT). Efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on phenomenex C18 column (150mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase comprising of 0.5% Orthophosphoric acid pH adju...
7065
1793
THE ROLE OF TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID 1 RECEPTOR IN DESIPRAMINE INDUCED ANALGESIC EFFECT IN DIABETIC MICE
Hyperalgesia is one of the debilitating complications of diabetes. The thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic mice may be due to the hyperactivity of C-fiber in the spinal cord. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) present in spinal cord and activation of C-fibre may involve in hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. Desipramine is one of the tricyclic antidepressants, effective in...
3070
1237
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS FROM PATIENTS IN ETHIOPIA
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most serious gram-positive bacteria causing several infections. Because of its intrinsic ability to develop resistance to many antibiotics, nowadays only few drugs can be confidently mentioned for the treatment of S. aureus infections. The study aimed to investigate the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of S. aureus among patients. A cross-sectio...
3940
1158
INFUSIBLE PLATELET MEMBRANES IMPROVE HEMOSTASIS IN THROMBOCYTOPENIC RABBITS: STUDIES WITH TWO DIFFERENT INJECTION DOSES
Due to the limited life span of platelets during regular storage in blood banks, we were interested to investigate the both potential hemostatic effect and dose-dependent response properties of non-viable platelet preparations with injection of two high and low doses in experimental animal model. Infusible platelet membrane (IPM) was prepared from outdated platelet concentrates. Platelet concentra...
3569
1232
FAMILY SELF MEDICATION IN CHILDREN ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTHEAST INDIA
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and determinants of family self-medication in children in northeast India. A validated structured interview schedule was used in 487 caregivers of children attending the out-patient department and in-patient ward of the department of pediatrics, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India. The study schedule included questions related...
3162
1239
MEASURING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF IMMOBILIZED β-GALATOSIDASE FROM YEAST
Background: Enzyme catalysis is intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In general, it is similar to inorganic heterogeneous catalysis and sometimes it is called micro heterogeneous catalysis. Efficient enzyme catalysis depends on high specific nature of enzyme, pH, temperature, optimum temperature, colloidal nature, activator or co-enzyme, inhibitors or poisons. Immobilized ...
7471
1390
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DILLENIA INDICA L. FRUIT OF SONITPUR, ASSAM, INDIA
Dillenia indica L. commonly known as elephant apple is distributed in the sub-Himalayan tract of India. The fruits of D. indica collected from Bhalukpong area of Sonitpur district of Assam (India) were dried, milled and extracted sequentially by Accelerated Solvent Extractor using four different solvents with increasing polarity (hexane < ethyl acetate < methanol < 50% aqueous methanol). ...
4557
1592
PHARMACOGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION ON LEAVES OF CITRUS MAXIMA (BURM.) MERR. (RUTACEAE)
Plant kingdom is one of the important sources of the natural product and food. In present era many lifesaving, nutritive chemical components are isolated from different plants due to both medicinal and economical values. In India Ayurveda provides major information about medicinal plants, but there are number of plants which is not studied totally. Citrus maxima is a perennial shrub commonly kno...
4010
1384
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME NOVEL DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES AS POSSIBLE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Pyrimidine is a six membered cyclic compound containing 4 carbon and 2 nitrogen atoms and is pharmacologically inactive but its synthetic derivatives possess an important role in modern medicine. Pyrimidines and their derivatives are considered to be important for drugs and agricultural chemicals. Pyrimidine derivatives possess several interesting biological activities such as antimicrobial, antit...
3549
1250
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DRUG PRESCRIPTION APPROPRIATENESS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH INSTITUTIONS OF SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF WOLKITE TOWN
Irrational use of medicines results in poor patient clinical outcomes, adverse drug reactions, economic burden and antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate drug prescription patterns in private and public health sectors in Wolkite town, South West Ethiopia. The drug prescriptions were evaluated in 11 private and public health facilities, Wolkite town, South west E...
4075
1591
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLET OF GLIPIZIDE BY SOLID DISPERSION
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of Glipizide by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral administration. The solubility of Glipizide enhanced with different ratios of CCS by the kneading method .In-vitro release profile of solid dispersion obtained in Ph 6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% dru...
4373
1529
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEXATION OF ETORICOXIB
Cyclodextrin complexes of etoricoxib (poorly water soluble COX-2 inhibitor) were prepared with the β-CD and HPβ-CD by different techniques (physical mixture, kneading and co-evaporation methods) at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios. Characterization of the complexes was done in solution by phase solubility analysis and in solid state using FTIR. The stoichiometry and stability constants of ECB-β-CD (1:1...
3210
1264
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ASSAY OF PARACETAMOL TABLET FORMULATION
A novel, safe and sensitive method of spectrophotometric estimation in UV-region has been developed for the assay of paracetamol in its tablet formulation. The method have been developed and validated for the assay of paracetamol using Methanol and water as diluents. Which does not shows any interference in spectrophotometric estimations. All the parameters of the analysis were chosen according to...
73056
12904
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3-[(5-(2-NITROPHENYL)-1, 3, 4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL) METHYL AMINO]-2-METHYL QUINAZOLIN-4(3H)-ONE
Quinazolinone is a heterocyclic chemical compound. There are two structural isomers, 2-quinazolinone and 4-quinazolinone, with the 4-isomer being the more common. The present survey aims to achieve the synthesis of quinazolinones and their derivatives of specific pharmacological properties. Various novel classes of structurally different quinazolinones have been designed and synthesized depicting ...
3264
1609
COMPUTATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF SELECTIVE MMP INHIBITORS IN COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) refers to multiple lung diseases, is the occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed because of inflammatory cells like neutrophils, CD8 cells and macrophages. These cells produce the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cathapsins and other proteinase enzymes. I...
3284
1207
IN VITRO RELEASE KINETICS STUDY OF TRAMADOL HCl SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET FROM HPMC K15M
In the present study, an effort has been made to evaluate of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC K15M as rate retardant polymer to sustain the release of Tramadol HCl from Tramadol HCl sustained release tablet matrix. Different amount of HPMC K15M were used in formulation of F1 to F5 where drug and polymer ratio were consequently 5:6, 5:5, 5:4, 5:3 and 5:2 in 200 mg tablet matrix. Tablets were prep...
3912
1334
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO EFFICACY OF TWO EDIBLE CASSIA SPECIES ON SELECTED HUMAN PATHOGENS
Present study reports phytochemical screening and the inhibitory activity of crude extracts of Cassia tora and Cassia sophera (fam: caesalpinaceae) on some human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The selected plants are edible and used by local herbal medical practitioners to treat various skin infections and respiratory problems. Leaf and flower extracts were prepared with different solvents and...
3430
1330
IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR AUTISM THROUGH MOLECULAR NETWORK ANALYSIS
Autism is a spectrum of developmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, often accompanied by stereotypical or repetitive behaviours. There are numerous hypotheses holding to the etiology and pathology of Autism but actual mechanism of the ailment is still unknown. Although a number of rare mutations and dosage abnormalities are specific to autism, these e...
3114
1327
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING MICROSPHERES FOR OEDEMA
Oral gastroretentative dosage forms offer many advantages for drugs having absorption from upper gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of medication that is characterized by narrow absorption window. The purpose of present study was to formulate and develop a new gastroretentative controlled release diffusion of furosemide from the cellulose acetate floating microspheres. Furosemi...
5027
1460
SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO ANTIPLAQUE ACTIVITY OF CHALCONE, FLAVONOL AND FLAVANOL DERIVATIVES
Synthesis of chalcone derivatives was carried out by aldol condensation, these 2’-hydroxychalcones were cyclized to 3-hydroxyflavone and 2, 3- dihydroflavan-3-ol derivatives and we also report here there in vitro antiplaque activity. Most of the synthesized compounds were found to be active against Streptococcus mutans. Activity of two 3-hydroxyflavones was found to be higher than that of their ...
4505
1845
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FREE ENZYME & IMMOBILIZED ENZYME ON BSA DIGESTION
Enzyme engineering is a fast-growing application in the pharmaceutical market. Enzymes are key to new processes because they are environmentally friendly and reduce hazardous waste. The uses of immobilized enzyme eliminate the enzyme separation step from the main process thus simplifying and increasing the overall process yield. The use of immobilized enzyme has several advantages as compared with...
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2414
DETERMINATION OF DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AGAINST NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Nosocomial infections even in this modern era antibiotics, continue to remain an important and formidable consequence of hospitalization. Our aim of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility against hospital-associated infecting microorganisms. 30 Clinical samples were taken from OPD of GMC Hospital, Bhopal (MP), India. Among 30 clinical isolates we identified bacterial pathoge...
2898
1007
EVALUATION OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY
The main aim of our study is to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of pomegranate (punica granatum, Family: Puniaceae) and garlic (Allium sativum, Family: Liliaceae). For this, we have subjected the seeds of pomegranate and garlic bulbs to maceration using 95% of ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and water at a ratio of 1:4 for 24 hours, followed by reflux over a water bath for 3 hours a...
3857
1320
UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF EFAVIRENZ IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM
A simple, precise and accurate UV-Spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and tablet dosage form. It shows maximum absorbance at 320 nm with methanol and water (30:70). Estimation was carried out by A(1%1cm) and by comparison with standard. Calibration graph was found to be linear (r2 =0.09657) over concentration range of 1-4μg/ml. The propos...
5639
2415
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ANTI-ULCEROGENIC POTENTIAL OF CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L. SEEDS
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. var. microcarpum (Kunth) Blume and var. luridum (Blume) Adelb. (Sapindaceae) are used for various ailments in Indian traditional medicines. The present study evaluated the antiulcerogenic property of seed oils (Petroleum ether extracts) in animal model. Ethanol induced gastric ulcers was used for this study and analysed for gastric volume, ulcer score pH, free and tota...
3507
1160
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS AND TOLERABILITY PROFILE OF CILNIDIPINE VERSUS AMLODIPINE IN MILD TO MODERATE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
High Blood pressure or hypertension is one of the most ubiquitous yet nettle some medical problems that physician and health care provider face in the office. In present study amlodipine and cilnidipine have been selected to evaluate and compare their efficacy and tolerability in mild to moderate essential hypertension. 60 patients of uncomplicated mild to moderate essential hypertension were eval...
7933
1700
A CLINICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROPHYLACTIC INFUSIONS OF PHENYLEPHRINE AND EPHEDRINE ON MATERNAL HEMODYNAMICS AND FETAL ACIDOSIS IN ELECTIVE CAESAREAN SECTION
Introduction: This randomized double blind study was started with an objective of comparing two commonly used vasopressors – ephedrine and phenylephrine in infusion form with crystalloid co-hydration to reduce spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Methods: One hundred patients were randomized into two groups to receive either 100 μg/ml phenylephrine (group-P,...
3500
1752
STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF DENTAL PLAQUE BACTERIA AGAINST ANTIBIOTICS AND POMEGRANATE
Dental plaque, biofilms of microorganisms on tooth surface, plays an important role in the development of caries and periodontal disease. Our aim was to check the prevalence of bacteria in dental plaque and to test in vitro antibacterial activity of antibiotics and pomrgranate extracts against dental plaque bacteria. Doxycycline and clindamycin showed highest range of antibacterial activity agains...
3406
1382
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF ESOMEPRAZOLE IN BULK AND SINGLE COMPONENT FORMULATION
Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor which reduces gastric acid secretion through inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. By inhibiting the functioning of this enzyme, the drug prevents formation of gastric acid. Esomeprazole is combined with the antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole in penicillin-hypersensitive patients) in the 7-14 day eradication triple ...
5923
1608
HPTLC QUANTIFICATION OF n-OCTACOSANOL IN TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA MIERS STEMS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
n-octacosanol is an normolipidemic aliphatic primary alcohol obtained from the plant Tinospora cordifolia Miers. In the present study, the plant stems were collected from five accessions namely Anniyalam, Chennai, Hassan, Vishakhapatnam and Bangalore between June and August. Later a simple HPTLC method has been established for determination of n-octacosanol in methanolic extracts of all these geog...
3168
991
LEAD (Pb) ACCUMULATION STUDY IN PLANTS AND VEGETABLES CULTIVATES AROUND COAL MINES AND POWER PLANT OF SINGRAULI DISTRICT
The study of undertaken for heavy metal Pb accumulation by fly ash and coal waste in Singrauli industrialised district of India, using atomic absorption spectrometry. Ashes from collected vegetables and plants leaves samples were analysed for the quality and quantity of Cr, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni and Co and detectable levels of all were found. Pb distrusted the metabolic processes of living organi...
4454
1217
PLGA: A POLYMER OF CHOICE AS NANOCARRIER’S TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES
Poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) the first synthetic biodegradable polymer used in surgery as resorbabe material, is also approved by USFDA for use in drug delivery. The nanoparticle composed of PLGA can be used for both controlled and targeted drug delivery. There are various grades of PLGA which are having different biodegradation characteristics such as degradation takes place in several day...
3582
1157
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS RHIZOME ON CARRAGEENAN INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN RATS
Cyperus rotundus Linn. (Cyperaceae) is an indigenous medicinal plant used for the treatment of pain, inflammation, diarrhoea, tumours, wounds and as Antidiabetic Anticonvulsant, Antimicrobial, Antiallergic, Antioxidant and Antiarthritic. The methanolic extract of rhizome was subjected to anti-inflammatory activity using experimental animal model of carrageenan induced paw edema in the presence of ...
4601
1774
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF MECLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
In the present study, an attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate orodispersible tablets of meclizine hydrochloride by using direct compression via employing different excipients in different ratio including: superdisintegrants {sodium starch glycolate (SSG), crosscarmellose sodium (CCS), crosspovidone (CP), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)} which were used alone and in combination, sol...
4160
1541
COMPLEXES OF COBALT(II), NICKEL(II) AND ZINC(II) WITH SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 4-ANISALDEHYDE
A new spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of artesunate (ARTS) in pharmaceutical preparation and bulk drug. The method involved heat-catalyzed derivatization of the drug with acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid producing a yellow coloured product peaking at 420.6 nm. The optimum conditions of the reaction and the analytical procedures of the assay were establi...
2884
1245
COMPLEXES OF COBALT(II), NICKEL(II) AND ZINC(II) WITH SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 4-ANISALDEHYDE
Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from condensation of 4-anisaldehyde with anisidine, (AAN) or 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine ,(ADN) have been prepared in 1:2 molar ratio (metal:ligand). The compounds have been characterized using elemental analysis, electronic spectra, infrared and molar conductance measurements. The infrared data revealed that the ligand, AAN behaved as a...
6877
2623
STATUS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN KANPUR CITY AND ROLE OF PHARMACIST AS A HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL IN TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is a growing international health concern and it is estimated that a third of the world's population is currently infected with TB. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB has greatly increased difficulties in its treatment and control. Therefore, the present study was perceived to check the status of tuberculosis at Kanpur, one of the largest city of Uttar Prad...
3751
1375
ANTIASTHMATIC EFFECT OF LEAVES OF EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES
Evolvulus aslsinoides is being used in traditional medicine for the treatment of severe bronchitis and asthma. So the aim of study was to evaluate antioxidant and antiasthmatic activity of ethanol extract of Evolvulus aslsinoides leaves. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the histamine-induced bronchospasm of alcoholic extract of Evolvulus aslsinoides leaves in experimental anim...
2033
798